Detect whether any Browser windows are open

TheMSsForum.com: The Microsoft Software Forum

The MSS Forum ‹ Winforms
- Archive
  - Biz
  - MCSE
  - CRM
  - Drivers
  - Framework
  - ADO
  - ASP
  - Compact
  - Forms
  - Dotnet
  - C#
  - VB
  - FontpageGen
  - Excel
  - WorkSheet
  - Exchange
  - Setup
  - Fox
  - Fontpage
  - ASP
  - IIS
  - Entourage
  - Money
  - Messanger
  - PocketPC
  - Powerpoint
  - Project
  - Publisher
  - Excel
  - VB
  - Security
  - Portal
  - Services
  - SQLServerDev
  - SVCS
  - SQLServer
  - VB
  - VC
  - MFC
  - ExcelGen

- Previous
  - 1
    - Custom collection was binded at design time, but does not populates datagrid at run time... Hi, I'm trying to bind a custom collection class to a data grid, following the guidelines from the article http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/05/08/CollectionsandDataBinding/default.aspx. The problem is the article is in VisualBasic. I already get the collection to be recognized as a Data Source by the IDE. It populated the DataGrid correctly from the fields on the items object of the collection, but I can't get the DataGrid to show the collection content at run time. It is my first ever data binded form so may be the error is not with the collection itself but with the handling of the DataGrid and Form itself. My collection (DPersonaLightCollection) is a type safe collection of DPersonaLight objects. It inherits from CollectionBase, and implements IComponent, IBindingList for design time binding support. It looks to be work good. The code for the WindowsForm that shows the collection is the following. The DataGrid is named dataGridLocator. At design time I added the control fPersonaLightCollection. The dataGridLocator was set up at design time with DataSource fPersonaLightCollection. I left DataMember in blank. On the Form Load event I fill fPersonaLightCollection with 3 objects to show. When the program runs, nothing is displayed, only the column headers that were loaded at design time. What I'm doing wrong? Thanks in advance Sammy using System; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Collections; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Windows.Forms; using DBS.Interfaces.Basics; using DBS.Interfaces.Persona; namespace DBS.Client.Test { /// <summary> /// Summary description for FormPersona. /// </summary> public class FormPersona : System.Windows.Forms.Form { private System.Windows.Forms.TabControl tabControl; private System.Windows.Forms.TabPage tabLocator; private System.Windows.Forms.TabPage tabGeneral; private System.Windows.Forms.TabPage tabPage3; private System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid dataGridLocator; private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox textBoxDescription; private System.Windows.Forms.Label label1; private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox textBoxSearchNombre; private System.Windows.Forms.Button buttonSearch; private DBS.Interfaces.Persona.DPersonaLightCollection fPersonaLightCollection; /// <summary> /// Required designer variable. /// </summary> private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null; public FormPersona() { // // Required for Windows Form Designer support // InitializeComponent(); // // TODO: Add any constructor code after InitializeComponent call // } /// <summary> /// Clean up any resources being used. /// </summary> protected override void Dispose( bool disposing ) { if( disposing ) { if(components != null) { components.Dispose(); } } base.Dispose( disposing ); } #region Windows Form Designer generated code /// <summary> /// Required method for Designer support - do not modify /// the contents of this method with the code editor. /// </summary> private void InitializeComponent() { this.tabControl = new System.Windows.Forms.TabControl(); this.tabLocator = new System.Windows.Forms.TabPage(); this.buttonSearch = new System.Windows.Forms.Button(); this.textBoxSearchNombre = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox(); this.label1 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label(); this.dataGridLocator = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid(); this.tabGeneral = new System.Windows.Forms.TabPage(); this.tabPage3 = new System.Windows.Forms.TabPage(); this.textBoxDescription = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox(); this.fPersonaLightCollection = new DBS.Interfaces.Persona.DPersonaLightCollection(); this.tabControl.SuspendLayout(); this.tabLocator.SuspendLayout(); ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.dataGridLocator)).BeginInit(); this.SuspendLayout(); // // tabControl // this.tabControl.Anchor = (((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom) | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left) | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right); this.tabControl.Controls.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.Control[] { this.tabLocator, this.tabGeneral, this.tabPage3}); this.tabControl.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(8, 80); this.tabControl.Name = "tabControl"; this.tabControl.SelectedIndex = 0; this.tabControl.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(712, 400); this.tabControl.TabIndex = 0; // // tabLocator // this.tabLocator.Controls.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.Control[] { this.buttonSearch, this.textBoxSearchNombre, this.label1, this.dataGridLocator}); this.tabLocator.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(4, 22); this.tabLocator.Name = "tabLocator"; this.tabLocator.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(704, 374); this.tabLocator.TabIndex = 0; this.tabLocator.Text = "Localizador"; // // buttonSearch // this.buttonSearch.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(216, 8); this.buttonSearch.Name = "buttonSearch"; this.buttonSearch.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(88, 24); this.buttonSearch.TabIndex = 3; this.buttonSearch.Text = "Buscar"; this.buttonSearch.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.buttonSearch_Click); // // textBoxSearchNombre // this.textBoxSearchNombre.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(56, 8); this.textBoxSearchNombre.Name = "textBoxSearchNombre"; this.textBoxSearchNombre.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(152, 20); this.textBoxSearchNombre.TabIndex = 2; this.textBoxSearchNombre.Text = ""; // // label1 // this.label1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(8, 8); this.label1.Name = "label1"; this.label1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(48, 16); this.label1.TabIndex = 1; this.label1.Text = "Nombre:"; // // dataGridLocator // this.dataGridLocator.Anchor = (((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom) | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left) | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right); this.dataGridLocator.DataMember = ""; this.dataGridLocator.DataSource = this.fPersonaLightCollection; this.dataGridLocator.HeaderForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlText; this.dataGridLocator.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(8, 32); this.dataGridLocator.Name = "dataGridLocator"; this.dataGridLocator.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(688, 336); this.dataGridLocator.TabIndex = 0; // // tabGeneral // this.tabGeneral.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(4, 22); this.tabGeneral.Name = "tabGeneral"; this.tabGeneral.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(704, 374); this.tabGeneral.TabIndex = 1; this.tabGeneral.Text = "Generales"; // // tabPage3 // this.tabPage3.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(4, 22); this.tabPage3.Name = "tabPage3"; this.tabPage3.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(704, 374); this.tabPage3.TabIndex = 2; this.tabPage3.Text = "tabPage3"; // // textBoxDescription // this.textBoxDescription.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left) | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right); this.textBoxDescription.Enabled = false; this.textBoxDescription.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(8, 8); this.textBoxDescription.Multiline = true; this.textBoxDescription.Name = "textBoxDescription"; this.textBoxDescription.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(712, 64); this.textBoxDescription.TabIndex = 1; this.textBoxDescription.Text = ""; // // FormPersona // this.AutoScaleBaseSize = new System.Drawing.Size(5, 13); this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(728, 486); this.Controls.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.Control[] { this.textBoxDescription, this.tabControl}); this.Name = "FormPersona"; this.Text = "FormPersona"; this.Load += new System.EventHandler(this.FormPersona_Load); this.tabControl.ResumeLayout(false); this.tabLocator.ResumeLayout(false); ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.dataGridLocator)).EndInit(); this.ResumeLayout(false); } #endregion private void buttonSearch_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e) { UIControllerPersona ctrlPersona = new UIControllerPersona(); ctrlPersona.InitializeRemoting(); DDataCollectionContainer containerPersonas = ctrlPersona.SearchPersona(); this.fPersonaLightCollection = (DPersonaLightCollection)containerPersonas.Collection; this.dataGridLocator.Refresh(); } private void FormPersona_Load(object sender, System.EventArgs e) { DPersonaLight persona = new DPersonaLight(); persona.ApellidoMaterno.Value = "KK1"; persona.ApellidoPaterno.Value = "KK2"; persona.DireccionPostal.Value = "KK3"; persona.Id.Value = 1; persona.Key.Value = "KK4"; persona.Nombres.Value = "KK5"; persona.Telefonos.Value = "KK6"; this.fPersonaLightCollection.Add(persona); persona = new DPersonaLight(); persona.ApellidoMaterno.Value = "PP1"; persona.ApellidoPaterno.Value = "PP2"; persona.DireccionPostal.Value = "PP3"; persona.Id.Value = 2; persona.Key.Value = "PP4"; persona.Nombres.Value = "PP5"; persona.Telefonos.Value = "PP6"; this.fPersonaLightCollection.Add(persona); } } } The DPersonaLightCollection class is: using System; using System.Collections; using System.ComponentModel; namespace DBS.Interfaces.Persona { /// <summary> /// Summary description for DPersonaLightCollection. /// </summary> [Serializable] public class DPersonaLightCollection : CollectionBase, IComponent, IBindingList { private ISite fSite; public DPersonaLightCollection() : base() { fSite = null; } //--- IBindingList --- public event ListChangedEventHandler ListChanged; public bool AllowEdit { get { return false; } } public bool AllowNew { get { return false; } } public bool AllowRemove { get { return false; } } public bool IsSorted { get { return false; } } public ListSortDirection SortDirection { get { throw new NotSupportedException(); } } public PropertyDescriptor SortProperty {get { throw new NotSupportedException(); }} public bool SupportsChangeNotification {get { return false;} } public bool SupportsSearching {get { return false;} } public bool SupportsSorting {get { return false;} } public void AddIndex(PropertyDescriptor property) { } public object AddNew() { throw new NotSupportedException(); } public void ApplySort(PropertyDescriptor property,ListSortDirection direction) { throw new NotSupportedException(); } public int Find(PropertyDescriptor property,object key) { throw new NotSupportedException(); } public void RemoveIndex(PropertyDescriptor property) {} public void RemoveSort(){ throw new NotSupportedException(); } //--- IComponent --- public event EventHandler Disposed; public ISite Site { get { return fSite; } set { fSite = value; } } public void Dispose() { this.List.Clear(); if (this.fSite != null && this.fSite.Container != null) fSite.Container.Remove(this); Disposed(this, System.EventArgs.Empty); } //--- IList --- public int Add(DPersonaLight aPersonaLight) { return this.List.Add(aPersonaLight); } public void Remove(DPersonaLight aPersonaLight) { this.List.Remove(aPersonaLight); } public bool Contains(DPersonaLight aPersonaLight) { return this.List.Contains(aPersonaLight); } public int IndexOf(DPersonaLight aPersonaLight) { return this.List.IndexOf(aPersonaLight); } public void Insert(int index, DPersonaLight aPersonaLight) { this.List.Insert(index, aPersonaLight); } public void CopyTo(Array array, int start) { List.CopyTo(array, start); } public DPersonaLight this[int index] { get { return (DPersonaLight)List[index]; } set { Insert(index,value); } } protected override void OnValidate(object value) { base.OnValidate(value); if (!(value is DPersonaLight)) { throw new ArgumentException("Collection only supports DPersonaLight objects."); } } } } Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92463
  - 2
    - .NET framework and multiple network connections?? We are getting the following error in our .NET WinForms application after using the app for a few minutes: Setup error - failed to load resources from resource file. Please check your setup. We had a 6 hour test session yesterday in which we tried to break the application in different scenarios, and we found some interesting things. The application is a sales tool that we deploy to our sales force laptops, and our new laptops that we are rolling out with our new version of the application, are equipped with both a wireless card and a LAN card. When either the LAN card or wireless card, or NEITHER of these are enabled, the application seems to perform flawlessly. Once we have BOTH connections open, we can consistently re-create several low-level operating system blowouts including: Memory read errors, The above resource error message Forms unloading spontaneously Object not set to a reference... We are using .NET 2003, framework 1.1 with service pack and latest hot fix from Windows update against a local MSDE 2000 database. We also noticed that there might be a correlation between quick database access hits and the dual network connection issue, although we are not sure how to test the theory since we can't seem to trap the error within the application. Before I open up a Microsoft support ticket, I wanted to check if anyone else is having similar issues, and how we should proceed to find out what is going on. Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92461
  - 3
    - How to iterate through a listbox I have the following code: sendToAgent.DataSource = someDataSet.Tables[0]; someListBox.DisplayMember = "AGENTNAME"; someListBox.ValueMember = "AGENTID"; someListBox.Tag = "USERNAME"; What I want to do is iterate through the selected values and retrieve the displaymember, valuemember and Tag. I saw another post about extracting a DataRowView and using it but it wouldn't work for me. I don't understand why this is so arcane. Any help would be MUCH MUCH appreciated! Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92460
  - 4
    - Inherit extender properties Hi, I have a base class inheriting from System.Windows.Forms.Form. I have put a public property called HelpProvider of type HelpProvider into this class. The problem is, that the Visual Studio designer does not recognize the existing HelpProvider in forms inheriting from my base form. This means, that the extender properties of my HelpProvider property do not appear when looking at the properties of controls within such inherited forms. The property HelpProvider is visible in the forms property list but the controls do not show up the extender properties (e.g. "HelpString on HelpProvider"). How can I make the designer recognize properties of type HelpProvider, ToolTip or other extender properties in inherited forms? The HelpProvider is correctly recognized, if I make it a public field instead of a public property but then FxCop brings up a warning telling me that I should not have visible instance fields. Thanks for your help, Mario Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92456
  - 5
    - axWebBrowser stops working This is the code to navigate object flags = (object)0; object targetFrameName = (object)""; object postData = (object)""; object headers = (object)""; string url = "http://000.000.000.000/RemoteAPI.dll/Get?ID=100"; webControl.Navigate(url, ref flags, ref targetFrameName, ref postData, ref headers); There is NavigateComplete2 method assigned to NavigateComplete2 event that makes the webControl visible. The RemoteAPI.dll should find a PDF file and axWebBrowser will open it. Works fine. But when a PDF file does not exists the RemoteAPI.dll returns text - "Error in Get. The system cannot find the file specified". This is the full text as taken from View-Source. No HTML tags. After that the next attempt to navigate to an existing PDF files does not work. The application hangs and it never gets to NavigateComplete2. When NavigateComplete2 event is removed all works fine (but now I have to keep webControl visible all the time and cannot handle the response). I think something goes wrong due to the way I define/pass parameters to Navigate. I recreated the same process in Delphi 5 and there is no problem at all. MH Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92455
  - 6
    - How to embed a foreign window in a windows form? Hi, I have an existing app that uses another gui toolkit that I am trying to merge with a .NET app. What I want to do is to embed a window from this app inside a Windows form. I'm currently working on a proof of concept and I have almost done this successfully in MC++ by deriving from Windows::Form and setting up the embedded window without any window decorations in the OnHandleCreated() event and then using the Win32 API SetParent() call to make the embedded window a child of the windows form. This provides a working solution in all ways except that when the embedded window has the focus then the window decorations for the containing form are dimmed to indicate that it doesn't have the focus. Setting the style of the embedded window to WS_CHILD seems to have no effect. I suspect that this problem is related to the window class but I'm not exactly sure how. The embedded window has its own WndClass and its own WndProc which is independent of the Windows forms WndProc. I'd appreciate some guidance on this. Glenn Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92454
  - 7
    - Make a form "modal" without ShowDialog() Hi together, I have got a "sliding" form which becomes active when a user clicks on a button in another form. In my function which starts the "sliding" mechanism is a call to this.Show() to make the sliding form visible at first (an no ShowDialog(), because I have to do the sliding). After that the form is "sliding" with a ticker (just like a notification window in the taskbar which "slides" up). Now when the "sliding" is finished I don't want to loose the focus of that window. The user has first to make some action in the "sliding" form (e.g. fill some textboxes, set some checkboxes and so on ...). But when I click somewhere else the sliding form looses focus and gets deactivated. How can I prevent this?? Cheers, Franz Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92453
  - 8
    - Form KeyUp event hi all, In my windows form, form_keyup event is firing if there is no controls in form. If i place any control like textbox,then its not getting fired. How can i fire keyup event of a form with more than 10 textboxes. Gomathi Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92451
  - 9
    - change the side of the tabpage in tabcontrol I have a tab control to get a data about public appeals. One tabpage get a complainer data and the other tabpage get a complain data. By default (English language) the visual studio create the tabpage in the left side on the tab control I want to know if I can change the side of the tabpage in the tab control that it starting represent the tabpage from the right side. Thank for who refer my question. Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92450
  - 10
    - get key state I would like to know the state of the keyboard. more precisely I would like to know if the 'SPACE' key is pressed or not. how od I do that? -- Regards, Lloyd Dupont NovaMind development team NovaMind Software Mind Mapping Software <www.nova-mind.com> Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92444
  - 11
    - Windows App With No Visible Window I want to create two executable applications, AppA and AppB. AppA uses an instance of the Process class to launch AppB, via the Process.Start() method. AppB has a WndProc but does not display a window. Later, AppA sends a message to AppB telling it to shut down. AppB includes an event handler that handles this and closes down gracefully. I have no trouble doing this if AppB can show a visible window since I can use Process. CloseMainWindow() in AppA to send the message, and the Form.Closing event in AppB to receive the message. But has soon as I hide the window, this doesnâ??t work. In Win32 this would be easy, but how do you do it in Dot Net? Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92443
  - 12
    - Advice on approach of modular app... I'm somewhat of a noob when it comes to WinForm development (all of my work is within ASP.NET, serivces, and libraries). Currently in the design/scope stage of a pet project, I'm looking for a bit of advice or direction as to the best approach. The app is essentially a research & analysis tool where there will be lots of raw data views with some visualization using charts & graphs... it's also quite modular. Each "module" will have a specific role... for instance one would be used to manage the data (import/granular scrubbing), one for one type of research on the data, another for another type of research, etc. For example, in Outlook, each module would be Mail/Contacts/Tasks/Calendar. I assume the best way is not to create giant panels and show/hide them when a specific button/menu/tab is clicked as it won't be very performant but rather create controls and load/dispose when needed. I plan to use the latest VS2005 RC release as my foundation (using some 3rd party stuff like Infragistics NetAdvantage... not sure if that matters for this discussion) and have been reading through Chris Sells' book (granted, it's for the v1.x Framework, but I'm assuming WinForms v1.x->2.0 is similar to ASP.NET v1.x->2.0: it's not a complete change to what we're doing, just makes many tasks easier like the BackgroundWorker for example). Any pointers on the approach or best practices? I don't think I'm looking for a SDI/MDI debate... just not sure as to where to go from here. Thanks in advance... -- ---------------------------------------- -AC [MVP MCMS] www.andrewconnell.com www.andrewconnell.com/mvp Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92436
  - 13
    - RichTextBox, Icons and Inserts Hello all, I'm designing an application where I need to make heavy use of the RichTextBox control. The user need the drag/drop features of other windows applications which I have implemented. I am having some difficulty implementing an Insert feature which will allow the users to browse to the location of the file and insert the file. I know the drag/drop works and Copy/Paste also work fine, but I'd like to add the Insert feature. Also, when files are dropped on to the control, the name of the file does not seem to display. The file type is displayed instead. And several file types don't show their icon at all. Has any found a work around or have some guidance as to a solution. Richard Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92435
  - 14
    - How to raise an event? Hi guys! I've an event that belongs to a ToolBar: Private Sub ToolBar1_ButtonClick(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.Windows.Forms.ToolBarButtonClickEventArgs) Handles ToolBar1.ButtonClick ... End Sub I'd like to know how can I raise that event manually, throught a TextBox KeyPress event: Private Sub TextBox1_KeyPress(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.Windows.Forms.KeyPressEventArgs) Handles TextBox1.KeyPress If e.KeyChar = Convert.ToChar(Keys.Return) Then ToolBar1_ButtonClick(ToolBar1, System.Windows.Forms.ToolBarButtonClickEventArgs.Empty) End If End Sub I tried that code, but it didnt work. thanks Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92432
  - 15
    - missing check box in the checkedlistbox I saw a strange thing about the checkedlistbox: When the user scroll the checkedlistbox, some of the check box are missing, and with hitting set scroll back up and the check mark will have moved to a different box. but the thing do not happen on everyone's machine, only on someone's. Do some people see the problem? What can I do? Thanks, Yuma Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92431
  - 16
    - Null reference Exception in ListView.InsertItem I'm getting an intermittant null reference expception in ListView.InsertItem. Since the top of the call stack is in winforms code, I am not able to tell what is actually null. Here's the top of the stack: System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object. at System.Windows.Forms.ListView.InsertItem(Int32 displayIndex, ListViewItem item) at System.Windows.Forms.ListViewItemCollection.Add(ListViewItem value) Has anyone experienced this before? Any ideas on what might be going on here? thanks for any help! Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92430
  - 17
    - Listview control Is there a way to automatically fill the last column width of a listview control? Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92425
  - 18
    - Interfaces in Framework 2.0 Hi, Is it always a good idea to have a Interface. Does it have any performance issues. I am referring to Framework 2.0 Beta, Visual Basic 2005. John. Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92424
  - 19
    - Drag and Drop an attachment from an Outlook message I have an email that has a file attached to it. If I save the file and drag the file from Windows Explorer to my form, I get a DragDrop event with data type of FileDrop. If I drag the file directly from the opened email, I get a DragDrop event with the data type of TEXT. What is worse, it appears to be a empty text string. The file in question is a .xml and fairly small, so I would even be happy if I could just get the contents of the file as text. Should I be able to receive that file directly from Outlook email and if so, how. Thanks ------------------------------------------- Roy Chastain KMSYS Worldwide, Inc. http://www.kmsys.com Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92423
  - 20
    - Crystal Reports: Setting LineObject.Left throws exception Hi guys I would like to position a line in a crystal report at runtime. I managed to do the same with a field object and a text object, however it does not work with the line object. Using the command: 'myLineObject.Left = 400;' the following exception occurs: ------------------------------------ An unhandled exception of type 'CrystalDecisions.CrystalReports.Engine.InvalidArgumentException' occurred in crystaldecisions.crystalreports.engine.dll Additional information: Error in File C:\myReport.rpt: Invalid object type. -------------------------------------- Note that the LineObject.Left property is according to the documentation not read-only. Do you know how to solve this problem? Thanks in advance for helping me out. Chris Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92420
  - 21
    - Patterns and best practise for model/view/controller separation? Hi all, I have quite some design experience on other platforms and especially with web applications. Now I'm about to design a .NET application and am a little stuck as I am trying to apply my "habits" of separating model, view and controller. Either that is the totally wrong approach or I am not familiar enough with the platform to make it :). By now, I've already written some model classes and test cases. In that simple case, the "controller" is nothing more than the logic that creates the right instances of models, connects them and calls some business methods on them, validating the results. Now as it comes to adding a GUI and responding to user input, I was hoping that there is something like the "blueprints" with J2EE, that is, some patterns as design recommendations on how to sort things out; or maybe you can share your thoughts and experience with me? I'll try to describe the problems I've run into so far; that should make it easier to reply as the question will be less abstract :) For every model, I will have one or more views to display the models. These views are subclasses of System.Windows.Forms.Form. Basically - how to separate controller and view? It seems to me that it's always the Form class that reacts on user input; but maybe that is just because the IDE/designer suggests that? I assume it is possible to move that code to some "controller" class (probably somehow using the properties of the form controls?) - but is that a good idea? Shouldn't I just keep it as suggested? Next, is it right to create a new instance of a certain view class (the form) for every model I want to display? Or should I avoid creating too many instances of the form class - that would mean I should instantiate every form only once and use something like the flyweight pattern to provide the view with the model it is supposed to display? If several form instances are ok and I keep the controller logic in the form class as well, one approach would be to simply pass the form its model in the constructor like: static void Main() { Model m = new Model(); View v = new View(m); // View subclasses System.Windows.Forms.Form Application.Run(v); } The view would then - maybe in an btnOK_Click handler - update the model, maybe like void button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e) { myModel.doSomeBusiness(textBox1.Text); } Is that a good approach? Clearly, what button1_Click does is the job of a controller. One more problem with the "pass model to form/view constructor" approach is when instantiating new models: Sometimes I need to display a form to collect some user input; that user input is necessary for creating the new model instance. Later on, the same view class is supposed to provide the means of manipulating the model again. I feel it's not a good idea let the form be constructed without a model and add another method like "createAModelFromInput()" that would build the "new" model for me. Thus, another way would be to have something like (informal notation) class Controller { newModelUseCase { v = new View() v.display() // extract "pure data" from view here m = new model(data extracted) } updateModelUseCase { m = someModelIAlreadyGot; v = new View() // extract all data from model here // populate v with the data v.display() } } Now that is clearly too much for a controller - the whole "extract data from model and populate view" thing is the view's responsibility. As a side note, with my specific application requirements I would benefit if the whole create new model / update model could be generic. I know that there will be future extensions to my application that will bring new models with appropriate views, so it would be elegant to keep that part of code arbitrary enough to work with such extensions. As to updating the view upon model state changes, that's probably no problem with a standard observer pattern approach where the view might (pherhaps in its constructor) subscribe for model notifications. The only thing I'm a little afraid here is that in the future, threading problems might arise (what if the model changes in a non-GUI thread and does the notification from there?). I'm happy you read until here :) Again, point me to some recommended approaches/patterns/best practices if there are some :) - I found nothing that satisfies me :). Please reply to the group - I will follow things here. Thanks in advance, Matthias Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92417
  - 22
    - DataGridViewButtonColumn.Text doesn't display onLoad Hi I have a DataGridView on a form, and the last column is of type DataGridViewButtonColumn. How do I get the button text ("Edit") of this column (colEditButton) to display on load of the form? At the moment, my button is blank until I edit a cell in the same row :-( Here are the column's current properties: // // colEditButton // this.colEditButton.AutoSizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeColumnMode.None; this.colEditButton.FillWeight = 32.91695F; this.colEditButton.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.System; this.colEditButton.HeaderText = "Edit Lookup Table"; this.colEditButton.Name = "colEditButton"; this.colEditButton.Resizable = System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTriState.False; this.colEditButton.Text = "Edit"; this.colEditButton.ToolTipText = "Edit Lookup Table"; this.colEditButton.UseColumnTextForButtonValue = true; I'm using VS 2005 Beta 2 Thanks! Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92413
  - 23
    - DataBinding to Custom Class breaks after New instance: how to get around this? Hi, I'm having the following situation: - A class clsFournisseur with public property's which raise a MyPropertyChanged-event in the Set-method for each Property. Public Event NomChanged As EventHandler Public Property Nom() As String Get Return m_strNom End Get Set(ByVal Value As String) m_strNom = Value RaiseEvent NomChanged(Me, New EventArgs()) End Set End Property - A Form, with an instance of my clsFournisseur: "Private WithEvents MyEntreprise As New clsFournisseur". - Proprty's of this Myentreprise are bound to controls on the Form: "Me.txtNom.DataBindings.Add("Text", MyEntreprise, "Nom")" When I change the value in my txtNom.Text, the MyEntreprise.Nom-property is changed. When I change the MyEntreprise.Nom, my txtNom.Text is changed. So far so good. BUT: When in my Form I want to use another clsFournisseur, there isn't anymore databinding. I do this like this: - MyEntreprise = New clsFournisseur(intEntrepriseID) or - MyEntreprise = New clsFournisseur() I guess this is normal behaviour because, even when it still has the same name, it isn't the same class anymore. But I still want to have this databinding! And a weird thing: the txtNom.Databindings.Count = 1, so the TextBox thinks there is still the databinding... Does anybody know how I should do this? Am I doing anything wrong? Should I Clear all the DataBindings after echt new instance of a class and put them back? Any help would be really appreciated. Thanks a lot in advance, Pieter PS: I'm using the CTP from august of Visual Studio .NET 2005 Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92399
  - 24
    - Get ALL controls on a Form Hi, Is there actually a way to get ALL the Controls on a Form? While using the ControlCollection, it only returns the Controls that are directly on the Form, not the controls that are on a (TableLayout)Panel etc. I never found something like that, but it just would be nice in my opinion :-) Thanks, Pieter Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92398
  - 25
    - Help file conversion Hi, I want to display help files in my windows application. Please tell me how to display .chm files through my C# code. Thx in advance. Prasad. Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92396
- Next
  - 1
    - Scrolling in a list box Hi, I have two list boxes of the same size and the same number of items in them. The number of items is big, so to accommodate them the list boxes display vertical scroll bars. I want to synchronize the vertical scrolling of these two list boxes, so when one of them is scrolled by the user, the other is scrolled as well so they are both at the same scroll position. How can I do this? I looked for some sort of scroll event that would tell me the position of the scroll bar but I could not find anything. There was a similar example in "Programming VB6" by Francesco Balena, but a "Scroll" event is used there, which we dont have in .NET ( at least I cant find it) Thanks Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92392
  - 2
    - Win Forms App Code Generation? I'm new to .NET and somewhat disappointed in the amount of manual work required to get a simple Win Forms database application built. I'm used to working with a development environment called "Clarion" (that I'm guessing you've never heard of), which can take you from data dictionary to fully functioning application (browse, search, reporting, insert, change, delete, etc), with only a few mouse clicks. Leaving me time to spend on the more serious aspects of the application. What's more, the system doesn't abandon you after the code is generated, but handles design changes. Anyway, coming from this environment to .NET leaves me wondering if you guys really do hand-code all your basic database table browse and update forms? Admittedly I've only been playing with Visual Studio 2003 (and C#) for a while, but it seems very time consuming. Surely there is a better way? Let say I gave you a database with 100 tables and said I wanted a Win Forms application with data entry forms and filterable browse lists on all of them, including the relevant parent-child relationships, referential integrity, concurrency chechking, validation "lookups" - the usual bells and whistles. Is the .NET way to sit down for months and hand-code all this? Or am I totally missing something? I've done a web search for code generators and found a couple, but with little experience with .NET it's hard to tell from the trial versions if they fit the bill. Neither seem to handle design changes, but are kind of like complex wizards. Can anyone offer some pointers, links to sites, tools they used and liked, books I should read, or a more appropriate approach to take? Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92391
  - 3
    - Forms and Panels don't respond to help requests? Hello, Why don't forms and panels respond to help requests? I have a basic form showing the Help button in the title bar, a HelpProvider, a panel and a button; and the panel and button are identically configured to show help on the HelpProvider. When I use the Help button and click on the button the .chm is opened; when I click on the panel (or the background of the form), nothing happens at all. In addition, if I add an EventHandler to the HelpRequested handler of the panel, it never gets called either. So is there some magic trick here, is this a bug or some mysterious "feature?" I've tried this with labels and textboxes, comboboxes, pictureboxes, radio buttons, trackbars; all manner of UI controls. Why are panels and forms different? Anyone have some insight or suggestions? Keith Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92388
  - 4
    - UIPAB - OpenFileDialog Hi, After writing several MDI and Forms demo-apps with UIPAB, I'm starting to feel comfortable with the UIPAB. There is, however, (at least) one issue left : according to http://builder.com.com/5100-6374_14-5058410-2.html saving a file should be an independent task. Now, since an OpenFileDialog is not a UserControl nor a Form, how should it be managed by UIPAB ? On the other hand, popping up an OpenFileDialog is so simple, that writing a separate view, controller, task and appropriate configuration seems a bit, well, overwhelming ... ;-) Any suggestion ? All your comments are highly appreciated ! Thanks, Bart Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92383
  - 5
    - ComboBox BindingContext I have 2 ComboBoxes on a form bound to the same DataSet using a New BindingContext for the second one. Both ComboBoxes need to have their SelectedValue bound to a different DataSet . The first one works properly, but the second one will not select any value. I am pretty sure that this has something to do with the New BindingContext used on the second ComboBox, but I can't get around it. Note: The ComboBoxes are supposed to show a list of Employees (children). And the SelectedValue is from the Contacts table. Each Contact record has 2 Employee_ID fields. Any help would be greatly appreciated!! With ComboBox1 .DataSource = ds2 .DisplayMember = "Initials" .ValueMember = "PrimaryKey" End With ComboBox1.DataBindings.Add("SelectedValue", ds1, "ChildPrimaryKey1") With ComboBox2 .BindingContext = New BindingContext .DataSource = ds2 .DisplayMember = "Initials" .ValueMember = "PrimaryKey" End With ComboBox2.DataBindings.Add("SelectedValue", ds1, "ChildPrimaryKey2") Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92381
  - 6
    - Re: Problem with listbox horizontal scrollbar I am having exactly the same problem, made worse by the fact that = MeasureString introduces a very significant slowdown. Can anyone help? Best wishes, Alex. markusszil (anonymous@discussions.microsoft.com) wrote in = microsoft.public.dotnet.general: > Hello all, >=20 > I have a fairly simple listbox into which I add, insert, and remove = strings. >=20 > It has the following property settings: > HorizontalScrollbar - true=20 > HorizontalExtent - 0 > ScrollAlwaysVisible - False >=20 > The problem I am having is that the horizontal scrollbar range doesn't = work right. If I add a string, the first time the sting width exceeds = the control width the bar appears, but it's off by a few pixels so the = last character is truncated. If I add longer items, it doesn't update so = I can't see the end of them. If I insert items, it never updates. Delete = only seems to work if the entire horizontal scrollbar should disappear. >=20 > I ended up writing code (at end of this post) which goes through all = the strings and uses the Graphics.MeasureString method, then sets = HorizontalExtent to the maximum result. It works, but seems very = cumbersome - and I can't find an event which fires when the = Items-collection changes which could simply call this method. Instead, I = need to go through my code and add calls to this at any point the = collection might change. >=20 > Is this a known issue with listboxes or am I doing something dumb. I = can't believe proper scrollbar operation requires added code. >=20 > Any tips appreciated. > Markus >=20 > Here is the code I had to add: >=20 > private void UpdateHorzScroll()=20 > { > Graphics g=3DGraphics.FromHwnd(Handle); > int wid=3D0; > foreach (object obj in MyListBox.Items)=20 > { > int swid=3D(int)(g.MeasureString(obj as string,Font).Width); > if (swid > wid) wid=3Dswid; > } > MyListBox.HorizontalExtent=3Dwid; > } --=20 Address email to user "response" at domain "alexoren" with suffix "com" Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92380
  - 7
    - Adding a control to the end of a panel Hello everyone, I want to make a control similiar to Apples finder. I need to dynamically add ListBox controls to a panel in a way that all new listbox controls left edge is touching the right edge of the previosly added box and the new box's edge is touching the panels far right edge. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92378
  - 8
    - datagrid IndexOutOfRangeException I got two datagrids the first is to display what has been retrived by a selectcommand from a dataset. The other dataset is to display data that is "bound" to the selected row in datagrid1. im filling datagrid1 and it works fine, when i select some row from datagrid1 the datagrid2 is filling fine too, but when i edit a cell from dataset2 and cancel the operation and cursor is on some cell, i get the next error: ************** Exception Text ************** System.IndexOutOfRangeException: Index was outside the bounds of the array. at System.Windows.Forms.CurrencyManager.get_Item(Int32 index) at System.Windows.Forms.DataGridColumnStyle.GetColumnValueAtRow(CurrencyManager source, Int32 rowNum) at System.Windows.Forms.DataGridTextBoxColumn.Edit(CurrencyManager source, Int32 rowNum, Rectangle bounds, Boolean readOnly, String instantText, Boolean cellIsVisible) at System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid.Edit(String instantText) at System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid.Edit() at System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid.OnEnter(EventArgs e) at System.Windows.Forms.Control.NotifyEnter() at System.Windows.Forms.ContainerControl.UpdateFocusedControl() Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92375
  - 9
    - Page_Load event gets called twice I currently have an aspx page that contains a datagrid object and every time the page goes through its lifecycle the Page_Load event gets called twice. I've checked my code and I'm not manually calling it anywhere so the server must be doing it. Can anybody tell me why? and is it possible to stop it? Im using if(!IsPostBack) to see it its a reload and both calls are made before the IsPostBack is set to true. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks, Dave Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92372
  - 10
    - How do you format a date in a ComboBox? I have a combobox that displays dates. They display in a long form, but I would like mm/dd/yyyy. If this were a TextBox, then I would use the Format() method of the Binding. The ComboBox is getting bound like this... cbDate.DataSource = theTable cbDate.DisplayMember = "theDate" cbDate.ValueMember = "theDate" How do I control what gets displayed in the ComboBox? Thanks. David Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92370
  - 11
    - Multiple row select on windowsform datagrid with hidden row headers Hi all, Is it possible to implement multiple row selection on a datagrid when you have the row headers hidden? It works as usual holding the CTRL key as long as you are clicking on the row header, but it doesn't work if you click on the row itself... any help would be great Thanks Gav Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92369
  - 12
    - OnPaint of Datagrid Hi all, I cannot remember where I read the article, however I read one that showed me how to overide the paint function of a datagrid so that I could highlight certain cells in different colours. This works great however if I sort the datagrid by a particular column the rows do not get updated so the wrong rows are then coloured! Can i force the datagrid to redraw when it is sorted? Thanks Gav Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92368
  - 13
    - System.Windows.Forms.TextBox and Magtek Credit Card Stripe Reader I am writing a Windows Forms application where I am using a Magtek credit card reader, a "wedge", to read input into a TextBox control. I am trying to process the input in the TextChanged event handler. The problem I am having is that only the first character of input from the card magnetic stripe is captured in the Text property. In fact, when running in the debugger with a breakpoint in the event handler part of the text that is read gets written to the source file! This causes all kinds of problems in the application. I have done this on a Web form using the System.Web.UI.WebControls.TextBox without problem. What, if anything, can I do to capture the input from this device into the Text property of the Windows.Form.TextBox? Any input would be appreciated Thank, EagleRed Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92367
  - 14
    - Display Union query in a datagrid? Hello, Is it possible to display a union query in a datagrid? If so how? If not what alternatives do I have? What I am trying to do... Primarily; I have two tables that contain related information and share similar columns. I want to merge them for reasons of display. Secondarily; I hope to be able to update either table individually - Column content will distinguish for the system which table to update. Is this possible?... how? -- dbuchanan Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92366
  - 15
    - Catching MDI Application Closing I have an MDI application with a number of child windows. In each child window I am catching the Closing event and having the child window decide if it should set cancel to true. The intent here is to ensure that no child window can close while it is in a state where user entered information can be lost. I have just noticed that while the Closing event is caught if I click the X on the child window, it is not caught if I click the X on the MDI parent window. Is there some other event that I am missing here? Thanks, Ron L Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92365
  - 16
    - error with events in html-document in mshtml/axwebrowser? HELP !! When using AXWebroswer in my Windows-Forms app it is impossible to catch all events of the displayed html-document. It only works with a few events. See the following example: //get the IHTMLDocument2 mshtml.IHTMLDocument2 htmlDoc = axWebBrowser1.Document as mshtml.IHTMLDocument2; if ( htmlDoc != null ) { // get the input item elemnet HTMLInputTextElement input = (HTMLInputTextElement) htmlDoc .all.item("id1", null); if ( input != null ) { // register eventhandler ((HTMLInputTextElementEvents2_Event)input).onclick += new HTMLInputTextElementEvents2_onclickEventHandler( this.Text_EventHandler ); } } private bool HTML_EventHandler(mshtml.IHTMLEventObj e) { MessageBox.Show("Alert from the html:text event" ); return true; } It is possible to register the appropriate event handler, but it is never called !!! But it works when i register an event handler for the click-event, see the following example. // register eventhandler ((HTMLInputTextElementEvents2_Event)input).onchange += new HTMLInputTextElementEvents2_onchangeEventHandler( this.Text_EventHandler ); Is there a different and working approach to catch these events? Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92364
  - 17
    - edit local security policy using vb.Net I need to edit the local security policy of Windows 2000 machines to disable access for the local Administrator account. How can I programmaticly edit the local security policy using vb.Net? I have looked at using Group Policy, but I must specify each machine name before the account name to make it work. Group Policy won't allow me to do that from the server. Is there something that I am missing? Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92362
  - 18
    - Exposing custom collections as datasources for VS in design time... how to do that? Hi all, I have some custom collections (ArrayList of custom Objects) and I want to display them using typical Windows form controls (DataGrid, Combo). What should I do to expose them as valid datasources to these controls? What if I want that these collections work with Visual Studio on design time in order to allow me easy create grid columns on design time? Can you point me to some examples? Thanks in advance Sammy Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92361
  - 19
    - Clear Selection of a listbox Hi, I have couple of listboxes and a couple of combo box on a form. The listboxes are databound. I am trying to clear the selection of the listboxes if they are not selected by using ListBox.ClearSelected() but in vain. The following lines are in the constructor of the form. Listbox.DataSource = myDataSet; Listbox.ClearSelected(). Can anyone please suggest as to how to clear the selection of the listbox if not selected. Thanks in advance. Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92348
  - 20
    - VPN question If i develop a window application in VPN network, can i use the domain account so as tologin the app Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92347
  - 21
    - add row in datagrid Dear all, Can i add row in datagrid after i bind a dataset to the datagrid Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92346
  - 22
    - export to excel Can vb.net export data to excel file and any license requirement? Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92345
  - 23
    - Procedure expects parameter - What am I missing Hello, The error tells me; --------------------------- Procedure 'usp_sequ_sel' expects parameter '@sqfkJob', which was not supplied. --------------------------- But I do supply it!! What am I missing?? Here is my Stored Procdure [usp_sequ_sel] \\ CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.usp_sequ_sel (@sqfkJob char(36)) AS SET NOCOUNT ON; SELECT pkSequId, sqfkJob, sqComponentDescription, sqAction, sqDuration, sqSooOrder, sqSooPrecedent, sqSooDelay, sqSooNote, sqCreatedOn, sqCreatedBy, sqEditedOn, sqEditedBy, sqrowversion FROM tbl050Sequ WHERE (sqfkJob = @sqfkJob) GO // Here is the Variable as defined in f050Sequ \\ Friend Shared _pkJobID As String 'Using a GUID' // This variable is populated in a combobox \\ Me._pkJobID = Me.cboSelectJob.SelectedValue.ToString // Here is the button to load the datagrid. \\ Private Sub btnLoadTasks_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnLoadTasks.Click 'Verifies that the variable '_pkJobID' has gotten the value MessageBox.Show("From f050SqOO.vb ~ sqfkJob: " & Me._pkJobID) _dt = _dataSet1.tbl050Sequ 'The dataTable DAL.da050SequFrm.Fill(_dt) Me.DataGrid1.DataSource = _dt End Sub // Here is the command located in DataAccess.vb runs the stored procedure. \\ With cmd050Sequ_sel .CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure .CommandText = "usp_sequ_sel" .Connection = sqlConn With cmd050Sequ_sel.Parameters .Add(New SqlParameter("@RETURN_VALUE", SqlDbType.Int, 4, _ ParameterDirection.ReturnValue, False, CType(0, Byte), _ CType(0, Byte), "", DataRowVersion.Current, Nothing)) 'The line just below fails '.Add("@sqfkJob", SqlDbType.Text).Value = f050SqOO._pkJobID 'The line just below succeds .Add("@sqfkJob", SqlDbType.Text).Value = _ "18713191-e116-4d92-8cc2-c2d4e8c34fdb" End With End With // I use this same scenario in many other forms. For some reason I cannot see what is different here. f050SqOO._pkJobID seems not to be getting the value in DataAccess.vb Help me see the problem. thank you, dbuchanan Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92339
  - 24
    - 4 pane SplitContainer The SplitContainer divides the space in two, either horizontally or vertically. I'd like to divide the space in four. By adding more splitters, the problem is that they don't keep in synch automatically. It'd be nice if when the mouse hovers in the center of the four regions a cross movement icon is displayed, and movement in the two axis is allowed. With the solution of adding more splitters the user is forced to first move in one direction and then in the other one. What do you recommend to achieve this? Thanks. Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92336
  - 25
    - Adding forms into a panel Hi everybody: I am adding several forms into a panel to give MDI appearance to my panel.. Though the forms inside my panel looks fine, I have three problems: 1. The focused form does have the title bar activated (it is gray, like the inactive forms) 2. The only way to bring to front a form is clicking the title bar (in a MDI container, the user can click at anyplace in the form and it gets activated). 3. Cascade, horizontal tile and vertical tile functionality is not provided. Well, the tile and cascade window organization can be implemented, but I do not know how to deal with the focus and mouse problem. Am I doing something wrong? There is another way to implement this functionality? Thank you in advance Ernesto Tag: Detect whether any Browser windows are open Tag: 92332

Can any one tell me if it is possible for a windows forms VB program to
detect if any Internet Explorer windows are open? I wish to provide a
message informing the user that they must close all Browser windows
before they can continue

NOTE: These windows will not have been spawned by my program.

Thanks
Richard

Top

Re: Detect whether any Browser windows are open by Mattias

Mattias
Wed Sep 21 13:46:54 CDT 2005

>Can any one tell me if it is possible for a windows forms VB program to
>detect if any Internet Explorer windows are open?

Add a reference to Shdocvw.dll and then write someting like

For Each ie As InternetExplorer In New ShellWindows()

I believe this enumeration returns regular Explorer windows too so you
may have to filter them out.

Mattias

--
Mattias Sjögren [MVP] mattias @ mvps.org
http://www.msjogren.net/dotnet/ | http://www.dotnetinterop.com
Please reply only to the newsgroup.

Top